Halogenoalkanes Flashcards

Define elimination reaction.

Elimination is a type of reaction where a small molecule, often water, is removed from an organic molecule, resulting in the formation of a new functional group.

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Define elimination reaction.	Elimination is a type of reaction where a small molecule, often water, is removed from an organic molecule, resulting in the formation of a new functional group.
What is the reagent used in nucleophilic substitution with ammonia?	The reagent used is NH3 dissolved in ethanol.
What are the conditions for nucleophilic substitution with ammonia?	The conditions are heating under pressure in a sealed tube.
Explain the mechanism involved in nucleophilic substitution with ammonia.	The mechanism is nucleophilic substitution.
How are nitriles named?	Nitrile groups have to be at the end of a chain, and the chain is numbered from the carbon in the CN.
How are amines named?	Amines can be named using the IUPAC naming system or by indicating the number of carbon atoms in the chain before the amine group.
Describe elimination reaction of halogenoalkanes.	Elimination is the removal of a small molecule, often water, from an organic molecule. In the case of halogenoalkanes, elimination involves the conversion of a halogenoalkane into an alkene.
What reagents are used in the elimination reaction of halogenoalkanes?	Potassium (or sodium) hydroxide is used as the reagent in the elimination reaction of halogenoalkanes.
What is the change in functional group in nucleophilic substitution with ammonia?	The change in functional group is from a halogenoalkane to an amine.
How does the structure of the halogenoalkane affect the degree of substitution or elimination in the reaction?	Primary halogenoalkanes tend to undergo substitution, while tertiary halogenoalkanes tend to undergo elimination in the reaction.
Describe the difference between aqueous and alcoholic conditions in the elimination reaction of halogenoalkanes.	In aqueous conditions, substitution reactions are favored, while in alcoholic conditions, elimination reactions are favored in the elimination reaction of halogenoalkanes.
Describe the uses of halogenoalkanes.	Halogenoalkanes can be used as solvents, refrigerants, pesticides, and aerosol propellants. However, many of these uses have been stopped due to their toxicity and detrimental effect on the atmosphere.
What is the beneficial role of the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere?	The ozone layer filters out harmful UV radiation from the sun.
Explain the role of man-made chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the formation of the ozone hole.	CFCs release chlorine radicals in the upper atmosphere when exposed to UV radiation. These chlorine radicals catalyze the decomposition of ozone, leading to the formation of the ozone hole.
What are the alternative chlorine-free compounds used as refrigerants and air-conditioners?	HFCs (Hydro fluoro carbons) such as CH2FCF3 are now used as safer alternatives to CFCs as they do not contain the C-Cl bond and are not affected by UV.
Define smog and explain its relationship with ozone in the lower atmosphere.	Smog is a pollutant formed by the reaction of sunlight with pollutants like nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. Ozone in the lower atmosphere contributes to the formation of smog.
Define primary halogenoalkane.	A primary halogenoalkane is classified as such when there is only one carbon atom attached to the carbon atom adjoining the halogen.
Explain the mechanism involved in nucleophilic substitution with cyanide ions.	The mechanism is nucleophilic substitution.
What are the conditions for nucleophilic substitution with cyanide ions?	The conditions are heating under reflux.
What is the reagent used in nucleophilic substitution with cyanide ions?	The reagent used is KCN dissolved in an ethanol/water mixture.
Describe the change in functional group in nucleophilic substitution with cyanide ions.	The change in functional group is from a halogenoalkane to a nitrile.
What is the purpose of the bulky methyl groups in tertiary halogenoalkanes?	The bulky methyl groups prevent the hydroxide ion from attacking the halogenoalkane in the same way as the regular mechanism.
How do tertiary halogenoalkanes undergo nucleophilic substitution differently?	Tertiary halogenoalkanes undergo nucleophilic substitution through a mechanism where the tertiary carbocation is stabilized by electron-releasing methyl groups.
What happens when the solvent is changed to ethanol in nucleophilic substitution reactions?	An elimination reaction occurs instead of nucleophilic substitution.
Describe the mechanism of nucleophilic substitution with aqueous hydroxide ions.	In the presence of aqueous hydroxide ions, a halogenoalkane undergoes nucleophilic substitution, resulting in the formation of an alcohol and a halide ion.
How does the rate of formation of a silver halide precipitate relate to the reactivity of a halogenoalkane?	The faster the precipitate forms, the more reactive the halogenoalkane.
What is the purpose of adding aqueous silver nitrate to a halogenoalkane?	The purpose is to determine the reactivity of different halogenoalkanes by observing the formation of a silver halide precipitate.
Describe the reaction between a halogenoalkane and water.	A halogenoalkane reacts with water in a substitution reaction, forming an alcohol and a halide ion.
What is hydrolysis?	Hydrolysis is the splitting of a molecule by a reaction with water.
Describe nucleophilic substitution reactions.	Nucleophilic substitution reactions involve swapping a halogen atom for another atom or groups of atoms. Nucleophiles, such as :OH-, :NH3, and CN, act as electron pair donators and attack the positive carbon atom.
What are the two types of reactions that halogenoalkanes undergo?	Halogenoalkanes undergo either substitution or elimination reactions.

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