Polymers Flashcards

Polymers

A-Level AQA Chemistry

This pack of flashcards covers the fundamentals and specifics of polymer chemistry, including types of polymerisation, formation of polyesters and polyamides, chemical structures and formulae of key monomers and polymers, and the reactivity and decomposition of condensation polymers.

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Define condensation polymerization.	Condensation polymerization is a type of polymerization where monomers react to form a polymer while eliminating a small molecule, such as water.
How can the rates of decomposition be improved for polymers?	Using more biodegradable plastics, such as polyamides and cellulose and starch-based polymers, can improve the rates of decomposition.
What is the most common method of disposal for waste in the UK?	The most common method of disposal for waste in the UK is landfill.
How do intermolecular forces differ between polyesters and polyamides?	Polyesters have permanent dipole forces between the carbonyl groups in different chains, while polyamides have hydrogen bonding between the oxygen and hydrogen groups in different chains.
What is the result of hydrolysis in polyesters and polyamides?	Hydrolysis of polyesters and polyamides results in the formation of the original monomers, with the carboxylic acid or amine group in salt form depending on the conditions (alkaline or acidic).
Describe the chemical reactivity of condensation polymers.	Condensation polymers can be broken down by hydrolysis, which involves the attack of nucleophiles and acids on the polar bonds present in polyesters and polyamides.
Do polyamides and polyesters require two different monomers to form?	No, polyamides and polyesters can form from one monomer if it contains both functional groups needed to react.
What can some of these compounds form under different conditions?	Some of these compounds can form various cyclic esters under different conditions.
What is the classification of polyamides and polyesters?	Polyamides and polyesters are classified as condensation polymers.
Describe the structure of 4-hydroxybutanoyl chloride.	4-hydroxybutanoyl chloride has a structure with a hydroxyl group, a butanoyl group, and a chlorine atom.
How is poly(lactic acid) formed?	Poly(lactic acid) is formed by the condensation polymerization of lactic acid molecules.
Describe the two types of polymerisation.	The two types of polymerisation are addition and condensation.
What is the monomer used to produce Kevlar?	The monomer used to produce Kevlar is hexane-1,6-diamine.
Describe Nylon 6,6.	Nylon 6,6 is a common polyamide with 6 carbons in each monomer. It is formed through condensation polymerization.
How is polyamide formed in condensation polymerisation?	Polyamide is formed by the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an amine, producing an amide and water.
Define terylene.	Terylene is a common polyester used in clothing and tire cords.
How are polyesters formed in condensation polymerisation?	Polyesters are formed by the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, producing an ester and water.
What are the two most common types of condensation polymers?	The two most common types of condensation polymers are polyesters and polyamides.
What type of polymer forms in addition polymerisation?	An addition polymer forms when unsaturated monomers react to form a polymer.

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