Naming and Isomerism Flashcards

Naming and Isomerism

A-Level AQA Chemistry

This pack of flashcards covers the nomenclature of organic compounds, including aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines, nitriles, esters, anhydrides, and acyl chlorides. It also explains various forms of isomerism: structural, functional group, stereoisomerism, and optical, as well as mechanisms leading to racemates in chemical reactions.

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Describe the naming system for aldehydes.	Aldehydes are named by replacing the -e ending of the corresponding alkane with -al.
Define functional group.	A functional group is a specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of that molecule.
How are ketones named?	Ketones are named by replacing the -e ending of the corresponding alkane with -one.
Describe the naming system for carboxylic acids.	Carboxylic acids are named by replacing the -e ending of the corresponding alkane with -oic acid.
What is the order of precedence for naming functional groups?	The order of precedence for naming functional groups is carboxylic acids > carboxylic acid derivative > nitriles > aldehydes > ketones > alcohols > amines > alkenes > halogenoalkanes.
Describe the naming convention for aldehydes.	Aldehydes have names that end in -al and the C=O bond is always on the first carbon of the chain.
What is the naming convention for ketones?	Ketones have names that end in -one and the C=O bond is on the second carbon of the chain if there are 5 or more carbons.
Define carboxylic acids.	Carboxylic acids have names that end in -oic acid and the numbering of the chain starts from the carboxylic acid end.
How are amines named?	Amines have names that end in -amine. If there is another functional group present, the prefix amino is used.
Describe the naming convention for secondary amines with two alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen.	Each alkyl group is named and the smaller alkyl group is preceded by an -N to indicate its position.
Describe the naming convention for nitriles.	Nitriles end in -nitrile, with the C of the CN group counting as the first carbon of the chain.
What is the difference between the stem of the name for nitriles and carboxylic acids?	The stem of the name for nitriles is different, such as butanenitrile instead of butannitrile.
Define esters and explain the two parts of their names.	Esters have two parts to their names. The bit ending in -yl comes from the alcohol that has formed it, and the bit ending in -anoate comes from the carboxylic acid.
How are acid anhydrides named?	If the alkyl groups are of different lengths, each one is named separately and joined with the word 'anhydride'. For example, ethanoic propanoic anhydride.
Describe the naming convention for acyl chlorides.	Acyl chlorides have -oyl chloride added to the stem name. For example, ethanoyl chloride.
What is the naming difference between secondary/tertiary amides and primary amides?	Secondary and tertiary amides are named differently to show the two or three carbon chains. The smaller alkyl group is preceded by an -N.
Describe structural isomerism.	Structural isomerism refers to compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
What is chain isomerism?	Chain isomerism is a type of structural isomerism where compounds have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of the carbon chain.
Define functional group isomerism.	Functional group isomerism occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula but different functional groups.
Explain stereoisomerism.	Stereoisomerism refers to compounds with the same structural formula but different spatial arrangements of atoms.
What is optical isomerism?	Optical isomerism occurs in carbon compounds with four different groups attached to an asymmetric carbon atom, resulting in two non-superimposable mirror image isomers.
Describe the formation of a racemate in a chemical reaction mechanism.	A racemate is formed when a reactant or intermediate with a trigonal planar group in the molecule is approached from both sides by an attacking species, resulting in an equal chance of either enantiomer forming.
What is the mechanism for the nucleophilic addition of HCN to aldehydes and ketones?	The mechanism involves the trigonal planar carbonyl group being approached from both sides by the HCN attacking species, resulting in the formation of a racemate.
How can a racemate be formed in the electrophilic addition of HBr to an unsymmetrical alkene?	The bromide can attack the planar carbocation from both sides, leading to the formation of a racemate.
What is the significance of optical isomers in drug action?	Different optical isomers of a drug molecule may have very different effects.
Describe the stereochemistry of thalidomide.	Thalidomide has one chiral carbon and exists as two enantiomers.

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