Aromatic Chemistry Flashcards

How does delocalisation affect the basicity of the C-O bond in phenol?

Delocalisation makes the C-O bond in phenol less basic compared to aliphatic alcohols.

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How does delocalisation affect the basicity of the C-O bond in phenol?	Delocalisation makes the C-O bond in phenol less basic compared to aliphatic alcohols.
Describe the mechanism of Friedel Crafts acylation.	Friedel Crafts acylation follows an electrophilic substitution mechanism, where the electrophile attacks the benzene ring, replacing a hydrogen atom.
What is the overall equation for the Friedel Crafts acylation reaction?	The overall equation for the Friedel Crafts acylation reaction is: benzene + acyl chloride + AlCl3 → benzene phenyl ketone + AlCl3 + HCl.
Describe the reduction of a nitroarene to aromatic amines.	The reduction of a nitroarene involves the conversion of a nitro group (-NO2) on an arene to an amine group (-NH2).
What are the reagents used in the reduction of a nitroarene?	The reagents used in the reduction of a nitroarene are either Sn and HCl or Fe and HCl.
How does the reduction of a nitroarene occur?	The reduction of a nitroarene occurs through a process of heating in the presence of Sn and HCl or Fe and HCl, resulting in the conversion of the nitro group to an amine group.
What is the product of the reduction of nitrobenzene?	The product of the reduction of nitrobenzene is phenylamine (an aromatic amine).
Describe the effect of delocalisation on side groups with lone pairs.	Delocalisation in a benzene ring extends to include the lone pairs on side groups such as -OH, -Cl, and -NH2.
What happens to the C-Cl bond in chlorobenzene due to delocalisation?	Delocalisation makes the C-Cl bond stronger in chlorobenzene.
How is the electrophile formed in Friedel Crafts acylation?	The electrophile is formed by the reaction between aluminium chloride and the acyl chloride, resulting in the formation of a positively charged acyl cation (RCO+).
Define phenol and explain how it differs from aliphatic alcohols.	Phenol is an aromatic compound with a -OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. It is more acidic and does not undergo oxidation like aliphatic alcohols.
What happens to the O-H bond in phenol due to delocalisation?	Delocalisation makes the O-H bond weaker in phenol.
Describe the process of electrophilic substitution in aromatic compounds.	Electrophilic substitution is a reaction where an electrophile replaces a hydrogen atom in an aromatic compound. It occurs due to the high electron density of the benzene ring, which attracts electrophiles. The reaction is facilitated by a catalyst, such as anhydrous aluminium chloride.
Define esterification.	Esterification is a chemical reaction between an alcohol and an acid, resulting in the formation of an ester and water. It is typically catalyzed by an acid, such as concentrated sulfuric acid, and involves the condensation of the hydroxyl group of the alcohol with the carboxyl group of the acid.
Describe the reduction of aromatic compounds using LiAlH4.	The reduction of aromatic compounds using LiAlH4 involves the addition of a hydride ion (H-) to the aromatic ring, resulting in the formation of a cyclohexane derivative. This reaction is commonly used to reduce carbonyl groups attached to the aromatic ring.
What is the purpose of Sn and HCl in aromatic synthetic routes?	Sn and HCl are used to convert the nitro group (NO2) in an aromatic compound into an amino group (NH2). This reaction is known as reduction and is an important step in the synthesis of aromatic compounds.
Describe the process of nucleophilic addition-elimination in aromatic compounds.	Nucleophilic addition-elimination is a reaction where a nucleophile attacks an electrophilic carbon atom in an aromatic compound, followed by the elimination of a leaving group. This reaction is commonly used to introduce functional groups, such as amino or hydroxyl groups, onto the aromatic ring.
What is the toxicity of benzene?	Benzene is a carcinogen and is banned for use in schools. It is highly toxic and can cause cancer.
What is the basic structure of benzene?	The basic structure of benzene is a hexagonal ring of six carbon atoms with one hydrogen atom bonded to each carbon atom.
Define delocalisation in the context of benzene.	Delocalisation refers to the spreading and sharing of the six pi electrons in the ring structure of benzene, making them not attached a particular atom.
How does the thermodynamic stability of benzene compare tolohexene and cyclohexane?	Benzene is more thermodynam stable than cyclohexene and cyclohexane due to the delocalisation of its pi electrons.
Describe the energy level diagram for benzene compared to its theoretical structure.	The energy level diagram for benzene shows that the delocalised structure is more stable and has a lower energy than the theoretical structure with three double bonds.
Describe the naming process for aromatic compounds.	Aromatic compounds are named by starting with the root name 'benzene' and adding substituents with the lowest possible numbers. If there are multiple substituents, they are listed in alphabetical order with di, tri prefixes if necessary.
What is the phenyl group and how is it used in naming compounds?	The phenyl group is the C6H5- group, which can be regarded as a substituent side group on another molecule. It is named by adding 'phenyl' before the root name of the molecule.
What type of reactions does benzene typically undergo?	Benzene typically undergoes electrophilic substitutions, where one hydrogen atom or group of atoms is substituted with another atom or group of atoms.
Why does methylbenzene react more readily than benzene?	Methylbenzene reacts more readily than benzene because the methyl side group releases electrons into the delocalized system, making it more attractive to electrophiles.
Describe the two major classes of organic chemicals.	The two major classes of organic chemicals are aliphatic and aromatic (arenes).
Describe the importance of the nitration of benzene reaction.	The nitration of benzene is an important step in synthesizing useful compounds such as explosives and dyestuffs.
Define electrophilic substitution.	Electrophilic substitution is a reaction in which an electrophile replaces a hydrogen atom in a molecule.
How is the electrophile NO2+ formed in the nitration of benzene reaction?	The electrophile NO2+ is formed through an acid-base reaction between HNO3 and H2SO4.
Describe the mechanism of the nitration of benzene reaction.	The nitration of benzene reaction occurs through electrophilic substitution, where the electrophile NO2+ replaces a hydrogen atom in benzene.
Describe Friedel Crafts acylation.	Friedel Crafts acylation is a reaction that involves the substitution of a hydrogen atom on a benzene ring with an acyl group, resulting in the formation of a benzene phenyl ketone.
What are the reagents used in Friedel Crafts acylation?	The reagents used in Friedel Crafts acylation are an acyl chloride and anhydrous aluminium chloride (AlCl3) catalyst.

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