Introduction to Organic Chemistry Flashcards

Introduction to Organic Chemistry

A-Level AQA Chemistry

This pack of flashcards encompasses foundational concepts in organic chemistry, detailing the definitions and differences of hydrocarbons, molecular and empirical formulas, structural and displayed formulas, and various naming conventions for organic molecules. It covers aspects of homologous series, functional groups, isomerism, mechanisms, and intermolecular forces, providing a comprehensive tool for understanding organic compound structures and reactions.

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How are functional group isomers defined?	Functional group isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but with atoms arranged to give different functional groups.
What is the naming rule for ketones with five or more carbons in the chain?	Ketones with five or more carbons in the chain require a number to indicate the position of the double bond.
Describe carboxylic acids.	Carboxylic acids have the ending -oic acid and the acid group is always at the end of the chain. The numbering starts from the carboxylic acid end.
What is a dioic acid?	A dioic acid is a carboxylic acid with carboxylic acid groups on both ends of the chain. It is named with -dioic acid and an -e is added to the stem.
How are alcohols and carboxylic acids prioritized in naming?	Aldehydes have a higher priority than alcohols, so the -OH group in carboxylic acids uses the hydroxy prefix.
Do aldehydes require an extra number for the C=O bond?	No, aldehydes do not require an extra number as the C=O bond is always on the first carbon of the chain.
Describe homolytic fission.	Homolytic fission is a process in which each atom in a covalent bond receives one electron, resulting in the formation of two free radicals.
Define free radicals.	Free radicals are reactive species that possess an unpaired electron and do not have a charge.
Explain heterolytic fission.	Heterolytic fission is a process in which one atom in a covalent bond receives both electrons, resulting in the formation of ions.
What is a mechanism in organic chemistry?	A mechanism is a detailed step-by-step explanation of how a reaction proceeds.
How are curly arrows used in mechanisms?	Curly arrows are used in mechanisms to show the movement of electrons, either for the breaking or formation of a covalent bond.
Describe the formation of a covalent bond in a mechanism.	The formation of a covalent bond in a mechanism is shown by a curly arrow that starts from a lone electron pair or from another covalent bond.
Describe structural isomers.	Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structures or structural formulae.
What is chain isomerism?	Chain isomerism refers to compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures of the carbon skeleton.
Define position isomers.	Position isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures due to different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton.
Define ketones.	Ketones have a C=O bond and their names end in -one.
Give an example of a chain isomer.	An example of a chain isomer is 2-methylbutane.
Describe functional group isomerism.	Functional group isomerism occurs when compounds have the same molecular formula but different functional groups.
What is stereoisomerism?	Stereoisomerism is a type of isomerism where compounds have the same structural formula but a different spatial arrangement of atoms.
Describe E-Z stereoisomerism.	E-Z stereoisomerism occurs when there is restricted rotation around the C=C double bond and there are two different groups/atoms attached to both ends of the double bond.
How can E-Z isomerism be represented in skeletal formulae?	E-Z isomerism can be represented in skeletal formulae by showing the lack of rotation around the double bonds, meaning one isomer cannot be switched to the other.
How are E-Z stereoisomers named?	E-Z stereoisomers are named based on the priority groups on both sides of the double bond. The atom with the higher atomic number is classified as the priority atom, and if it is on the same side of the double bond, it is labeled Z. If it is on the opposite side, it is labeled E.
Describe the effect of EZ stereoisomerism on melting and boiling points.	EZ stereoisomers can have differing melting and boiling points.
Define polar and non-polar molecules.	Polar molecules have an uneven distribution of charge, while non-polar molecules have an even distribution of charge.
What are the intermolecular forces present in Z-1,2-dichloroethene?	Z-1,2-dichloroethene exhibits both van der Waals and permanent dipole-dipole attractions.
What is the prefix used for halogenoalkanes?	The prefix used for halogenoalkanes is chloro-, bromo-, or iodo-.
Define saturated hydrocarbon.	A hydrocarbon that contains single carbon-carbon bonds only.
What is the difference between a molecular formula and an empirical formula?	A molecular formula shows the actual number of each type of atom in a compound, while an empirical formula shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound.
How is a structural formula different from a displayed formula?	A structural formula shows the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule, while a displayed formula shows all the covalent bonds and atoms present in a molecule.
Do all carbon atoms in saturated hydrocarbons have tetrahedral shape?	Yes, the shape around the carbon atom in saturated hydrocarbons is tetrahedral.
Describe what a skeletal formula represents.	A skeletal formula shows the simplified organic formula by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.
Define cyclohexane.	Cyclohexane is a hydrocarbon with a six-membered carbon ring structure.
What is the general formula for a homologous series?	The general formula for a homologous series is an algebraic formula that represents the relationship between different compounds in the series. For example, the general formula for an alkane series is CnH2n.
Describe what a homologous series is.	A homologous series is a family of organic compounds that have the same functional group and the same general formula.
What is the general trend in physical properties within a homologous series?	The physical properties, such as boiling point, of compounds in a homologous series show a gradual change.
How do members of a homologous series differ from each other?	Each member of a homologous series differs from the previous one by CH2.
Define functional group.	A functional group is a specific group of atoms within a molecule that determines its chemical properties.
What is an example of an alkane in a homologous series?	An example of an alkane in a homologous series is butane.
Describe the naming convention for alcohols.	Alcohols have the suffix -ol as their naming convention.
Describe what a hydrocarbon is.	A compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only.
Define carboxylic acids.	Carboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain the carboxyl functional group (-COOH).
Describe the general rules for naming carbon chains.	Count the longest carbon chain and name appropriately. Find any branched chains and count how many carbons they contain. Add the appropriate prefix for each branch chain.
What is the naming rule for functional groups starting with a vowel?	When using a suffix, remove the -e from the stem alkane name.
How is the position of the functional group on the carbon chain indicated?	The position is given by a number, counting from the end of the molecule that gives the functional group the lowest number.
Define the term 'di-' in the context of functional group naming.	Di- is used when there are two of the same functional group.
Do functional groups take precedence over branched chains in giving the lowest number?	Yes, functional groups take precedence over branched chains in giving the lowest number.
Describe the structure of alkenes.	Alkenes have a double bond between two carbon atoms.
What is the naming convention for alkenes with a double bond between carbon atoms C2 and C3?	The name for this alkene is But-2-ene.
How can the type of stereoisomer in alkenes be indicated in the name?	The name may include E or Z at the start to show the type of stereoisomer.
Define diene and triene in the context of alkenes.	Diene and triene are suffixes used when there are two or more double bonds present in an alkene.
Describe the priority order of functional groups in the naming of alkenes.	The alcohol and carboxylic acid groups have higher priority than the alkene group, so they take precedence in numbering.
Describe aldehydes.	Aldehydes have a C=O bond on the first carbon of the chain and their names end in -al.
How are aldehydes with two aldehyde groups named?	Aldehydes with two aldehyde groups are named using di- before -al and an -e is added to the stem.

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